Captagon pills, originally formulated as the drug fenethylline, were initially developed and prescribed in the 1960s for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, depression, and fatigue[3][5]. Amphetamine-based drugs like Captagon were seen as milder CNS stimulants compared to amphetamine and methamphetamine used at the time[5].
Once consumed, Captagon metabolizes into two main substances: amphetamine and theophylline. These metabolites are responsible for the effects of Captagon. Amphetamine increases alertness, boosts concentration, and enhances physical performance, while theophylline has caffeine-like properties[2][3]. Captagon’s initial medical uses were tied to these stimulant effects, helping patients stay alert, reduce fatigue, and improve mood[3].
The drug has since been withdrawn from legal markets worldwide due to concerns around abuse, dependence, and significant side effects, including psychosis, hallucinations, cardiac complications, and addiction[1][3][5]. It is now illegal in nearly all countries and is classified as a controlled substance with no accepted medical use[4][5].
Despite its ban, Captagon remains a popular illicit drug, particularly in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean Region[1][6]. In these regions, it is frequently used recreationally for its euphoric and stimulant properties. It is reported to be especially popular among young, affluent populations and professionals seeking increased energy or stamina[4]. Combatants have also exploited its properties for increased alertness and reduced need for sleep during conflict, a practice sometimes referred to as “chemical courage”[3][6].
Counterfeit and clandestinely produced Captagon tablets can now contain a variety of other substances, including additional stimulants, caffeine, quinine, ephedrine, acetaminophen, and diphenhydramine, making the effects and risks even more unpredictable[6].
References
- [1] The Emergence of the Old Drug Captagon as a New Illicit …
- [2] Insight of Captagon Abuse by Chemogenomics …
- [3] Captagon: Abuse, Side Effects & Treatment
- [4] Fenethylline and the Middle East: A Brief Summary
- [5] What exactly is Captagon and why was it banned?
- [6] Tramadol, captagon and khat use in the Eastern …
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